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Understanding Mil-Std 1399 Section 300 Part 1

MIL-STD-1399 Section 300 Part 1 — Summary and Acceptance Criteria

Established in 2018, MIL-STD-1399-300-1 establishes mandatory AC electrical interface requirements to ensure compatibility between user equipment and shipboard AC power systems. It defines the power characteristics, tolerances, and required compliance tests for equipment connected to Navy AC power systems.

The standard covers three system types:

  • Type I: 115/440 Vrms, 60 Hz (primary ship service distribution)
  • Type II: 115/440 Vrms, 400 Hz, ungrounded
  • Type III: 115/440 Vrms, 400 Hz, ungrounded, with tighter tolerances

It includes mandatory grounding, current waveform limits, surges, spikes, pulsed load behavior, and numerous susceptibility tests (voltage/frequency tolerance, spike, emergency conditions, AGD, insulation, etc.). Table I lists all required compliance tests.

This article provides an overview of the standard and makes references to sections and figures that are found within the document. You may download a copy of the standard  from the DLA quick-search site.  and download the standard from this page. 

If you are looking for MIL-STD-1399 compliant power supply, ETA-USA offers Type I, 60Hz compliant models available in 500~2400W on its Military and Aviation page. 

POWER SYSTEM TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

Type I — 60 Hz Power (Primary Shipboard AC Power)

Definition: 115 or 440 Vrms, 60 Hz; ungrounded or high-resistance grounded (440 V) or solid-grounded (115 V).

Applications: Standard ship service and lighting loads.

Type I System Characteristics (Table II Extracts)

  • Voltage tolerance: ±5% steady state (115 V or 440 V)
  • Frequency tolerance steady state: 60 Hz ± 2% (59–61.2 Hz)
  • Transient tolerances: defined envelopes (Figure 10) including excursions during faults and switching operations.
  • Harmonics:
    • THD ≤ 5%
    • Single harmonic ≤ 3%
    • Deviation factor ≤ 5% (3% for submarines)
  • Spike voltage: 900–1000 V peak (115 V systems) per Table V.
  • Emergency conditions:
    • Frequency excursion −100% to +12%
    • Voltage excursion −100% to +35%
    • Duration up to 2 minutes depending on case

Type II — 400 Hz Ungrounded

  • Limited-use system with wider tolerances than Type III.
  • Behavior of power decay is fast due to M/G set protective trip actions (interruptions occur within ms).

Type III — 400 Hz Ungrounded (Tighter Tolerances)

  • Used where precision 400 Hz is needed (avionics).
  • Tighter steady-state and transient tolerances than Type II.
  • Delivered typically as 115/200 V 400 Hz grounded-wye for aircraft servicing.

USER EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS (APPLICABLE TO ALL TYPES)

All equipment must comply with section 5.2. requirements, enforced through tests in Section 5.3.

Major required attributes:

Voltage & Frequency Compatibility

Equipment must tolerate all defined Type-specific envelopes (steady-state, transient, emergencies).

Current Harmonic Limits (Very Important for Power Supplies)

For 60 Hz equipment ≥1 kVA (your 1000 W AC/DC supply qualifies):

  • From 60 Hz–2 kHz: ≤3% of fundamental current
  • From 2 kHz–20 kHz: ≤(6000 / f)%
    (Figure 22)

For <1 kVA equipment: similar but slightly more lenient (Figure 23).

Power Factor Requirement

  • PF must meet criteria of 5.2.7.
  • Corrective action may be required for poor PF loads.

Inrush / Surge Current

The ratio of surge to rated current is limited by a curve (Figure 26).
Measured at specific AC zero-crossings.

Pulsed Load Requirements

Applicable to loads that switch or step power.

  • Must meet time-domain and frequency-domain limits.
  • TSD calculations must follow Appendix A.

Grounding and Leakage Current Limits

Includes:

  • Insulation resistance tests
  • Active ground detection (AGD) support
  • Simulated human-body ground-current tests (Figures 33–37)

Voltage Spike Survival

Equipment must survive spike tests:

  • 900–1000 V peak for 115 V systems
  • Sync angles: 0°, 90°, 180°, 270° on all conductors

REQUIRED COMPLIANCE TESTS

Table I lists all required tests by requirement category.
Major tests include:

  • Grounding test (5.3.1)
  • Power profile verification (phases, voltage, PF, current) (5.3.2)
  • Voltage & frequency tolerance test (5.3.3)
  • Transient tolerance test (5.3.4)
  • Voltage spike test (5.3.5)
  • Emergency conditions test (4 subtests: tr, ts, decay, excursion) (5.3.6)
  • Current waveform (harmonics) test (5.2.10 / 5.3.7)
  • Modulation susceptibility test (5.3.8)
  • Human-body leakage current tests (5.3.9)
  • Line-to-ground withstand & AGD tests (5.3.10)

115 VAC, 60 Hz, SINGLE-PHASE (TYPE I) IN DETAIL

The criteria for a single phase, 115Vac nominal AC/DC power supply described below outlines the acceptable criteria for a

Applicable System Characteristics (Table II for Type I)

For 115 Vrms 60 Hz Type I power, your supply must:

Voltage Characteristics

  • Nominal: 115 Vrms
  • Steady-state tolerance: ±5%
  • Transient tolerance envelope defined in Figure 10 (frequency & voltage).
  • Emergency voltage excursions: −100% to +35% for up to 2 minutes.

Frequency Characteristics

  • Nominal: 60 Hz
  • Steady-state tolerance: ±2% (58.8–61.2 Hz)
  • Transient: tight envelope defined in Figure 10.

Harmonics and Waveform

  • THD ≤ 5%
  • Individual harmonic ≤ 3%
  • Deviation factor ≤ 5%

Required Equipment Performance Requirements

Harmonic Current Limits (≥1 kVA Applies to Your 1000 W Converter)

Per 5.2.10 and Figure 22:

  • ≤3% of fundamental (60–2,000 Hz)
  • ≤6000/f % (2 kHz–20 kHz)

Inrush Current Limits

Must satisfy the surge/inrush envelope of Figure 26.

Voltage Spike Survival

Equipment must withstand:

  • 900–1000 V peak spikes on all conductors
  • At 0°, 90°, 180°, 270°

Emergency Condition Survival

Equipment must endure:

  1. tr limited-break interruption (~70 ms if unknown)
  2. ts emergency source transfer interruption
  3. Power decay behavior (loss of prime mover)
  4. Positive voltage excursion

Ground Detection Requirements

If installed on ships using AGD:

  • Must pass AGD susceptibility test (DC source applied through RAGD = 50 kΩ).
  • Single-phase AGD test circuit shown in Figure 39.

Insulation Resistance

Verified via megohmmeter per 5.3.10.1.

Acceptance Criteria Summary (What Your 115 V 60 Hz Power Supply Must Pass)

Your AC/DC power supply must pass all of the following to be MIL-STD-1399-300-1 compliant:

Electrical Compatibility

  • Operates over full voltage & frequency tolerance and transient envelopes
  • Survives all emergency condition subtests (tr, ts, decay, excursion)

Waveform Quality

  • Input current harmonics within Figure 22 limits
  • PF meets 5.2.7

Safety / Grounding

  • Leakage current within limits of 5.2.5 (human-body impedance tests)
  • AGD and L-G withstand tests passed

Transient Robustness

  • Survive specified voltage spikes (900–1000 V peak)

Operational Behavior

  • Inrush current within Figure 26 limits
  • Pulsed/ramped load limits if applicable
  • No excessive line-to-ground capacitance or current (5.2.4)

Additional Compliances 

In addition to the requirements outlined in 1399, the qualifying power supply must meet applicable sections of MIL-STD 461 (version dictated by the government procurement office, but the most current version is 461G). At the very least, expect conducted emissions CE101 & CE102; radiated emissions RE101 & RE102; conducted susceptibility  CS101, CS114, CS115. The supply may also need to perform with the limits of radiated susceptibility of RS101 and RS103. 

Mil-Std 1399 Power supplies For Purchase

ETA-USA offers military grade power supplies with customizable options that meet Mil-std 1399 Sec 300 Part 1 60Hz single phase requirement.  Contact an ETA-USA representative for price, lead-time, and CADS.  All ETA-USA power supplies ate TAA compliant and Mil-grade products are made in the USA.

Customizable AC/DC Mil-grade Power Supplies

CH-M500    DATASHEET

CH-M1000  DATASHEET

CH-M2000  DATASHEET

Mil-S-901 Compliant IP66 Rated AC/DC Power Supplies

LPM500  DATASHEET

LPM650  DATASHEET

LPM1100  DATASHEET

Understanding MIL-STD-461: Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards for Mission-Critical Electronics

Understanding MIL-STD-461: Electromagnetic Compatibility Standards for Mission-Critical Electronics

When it comes to designing electronics for military use—whether it’s in an aircraft, ship, ground vehicle, or satellite—failure is not an option. These systems must operate flawlessly in environments filled with electromagnetic interference (EMI), from radar systems to high-powered transmitters. That’s where MIL-STD-461 comes in.

In this blog, we’ll unpack what MIL-STD-461 is, who it applies to, what it tests for, and how manufacturers achieve compliance.

 What Is MIL-STD-461?

MIL-STD-461 is a U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) standard that defines the requirements and test methods for controlling electromagnetic interference (EMI) in military electronic equipment and subsystems.

Its purpose is to ensure that electronic systems:

  • Don’t emit harmful interference

  • Can resist incoming EMI from external sources

First issued in 1967, MIL-STD-461 has been updated several times, with the current version being MIL-STD-461G (released in 2015). It works hand-in-hand with MIL-STD-464, which sets system-level EMC requirements.

 Who Uses MIL-STD-461?

MIL-STD-461 applies to:

  • Defense contractors building military electronics

  • Aerospace OEMs (aircraft, spacecraft, missiles)

  • Naval and ground vehicle systems (ships, tanks, drones)

  • Subcontractors providing sensors, computers, power supplies, or RF systems

If your product is destined for a DoD platform or program, you’ll likely need to show proof of compliance with MIL-STD-461.

What Does MIL-STD-461 Test?

The standard is divided into test methods, each focused on either emissions or susceptibility across various frequency ranges.

Here’s a quick breakdown of the most common tests:

 Emissions – What Your System Puts Out

Test Code Description Frequency Range
CE101 Conducted emissions (power leads) 30 Hz – 10 kHz
CE102 Conducted emissions (power leads) 10 kHz – 10 MHz
RE101 Radiated emissions (magnetic field) 30 Hz – 100 kHz
RE102 Radiated emissions (electric field) 10 kHz – 18 GHz
RE103 Radiated emissions (transmitters) Transmitter-dependent

 Susceptibility – What Your System Must Withstand

Test Code Description Frequency Range
CS101 Conducted susceptibility (power leads) 30 Hz – 150 kHz
CS114 Bulk cable injection 10 kHz – 200 MHz
CS115 Impulse excitation (fast transients) Repetitive narrow pulses
CS116 Damped oscillatory transients 10 kHz – 100 MHz
RS101 Radiated susceptibility (magnetic) 30 Hz – 100 kHz
RS103 Radiated susceptibility (electric) 10 kHz – 18 GHz

How Is Compliance Achieved?

Meeting MIL-STD-461 is not just about passing tests—it’s about designing for EMC from day one. Here’s how manufacturers approach it:

1. Pre-Compliance Design

  • Use shielded enclosures to block RF noise

  • Implement power line filters and ferrites

  • Use twisted pair and shielded cables

  • Optimize PCB layout to reduce emissions and susceptibility

Using products designed to meet Mil-Std 461 EMC requirements will cut down on your pre-compliance time.

2. Testing in Accredited Labs

  • Equipment Under Test (EUT) is placed in a shielded chamber

  • Specialized equipment (spectrum analyzers, signal generators, antennas) simulate and measure EMI

  • Testing is done according to procedures outlined in MIL-STD-461G

 Passing means the system won’t interfere with others or be disrupted by nearby emissions—even in dense EMI environments like naval ships or aircraft carriers.

3. Documentation & Reporting

  • Create a Test Plan (TP) and Test Report (TR) that outline procedures, results, and any deviations

  • Submit to program offices, DoD, or certification bodies for review

 Typical Compliance Process

  1. Determine Applicability: Based on equipment type, platform (air/ground/sea), and power specs.

  2. Select Test Methods: From the MIL-STD-461 matrix.

  3. Design for EMC: Build to meet limits.

  4. Conduct Pre-Compliance Testing: In-house or with third-party labs.

  5. Perform Formal Testing: With accredited test lab.

  6. Document Results: Create reports for certification or government submission.

 What Happens If You Fail a Test?

Failure is common in early stages. Here’s how it’s handled:

  • Modify design (e.g., improve shielding, change cable routing)

  • Add filtering or grounding

  • Redesign power supplies or connectors

  • Retest affected section only

This iterative process improves product robustness and avoids costly fixes later in the program lifecycle.

 Why MIL-STD-461 Matters

Electromagnetic compatibility is essential to mission success. Without proper EMC, electronics could:

  • Jam nearby radios or sensors

  • Misbehave during operations (missile control, radar)

  • Become vulnerable to cyber or signal disruption

MIL-STD-461 ensures that your product won’t become the weakest link in the battlefield or the cockpit.

 ETA-USA’s Compliant Products

MIL-STD-461 is the backbone of electromagnetic compatibility in military systems. It’s not just a box to check—it’s a design mindset that ensures electronics can survive and operate in today’s complex and contested environments.

ETA-USA offers COTS/MOTS Mil-Std 461 compliant power supplies

AC/DC Conduction Cooled CH-M series:

CH-M500: 500W 

CH-M1000: 1000W

CH-M2000: 2000W

AC/DC low profile Mil-S-901 LPM Series

LPM500: 500W

LPM650: 650W with droop sharing

LPM1000: 1,000W 

DC/DC Mil-Std 1275 compliant Conduction Cooled MDC Series

MDC150: 150W

MDC300: 300W

MDC500: 500w

Whether you’re building mission-critical avionics, battlefield sensors, or tactical communications gear, understanding and applying MIL-STD-461 early in your project helps you avoid surprises, reduce costs, and earn the trust of defense customers. Let ETA-USA assist you in creating a MIL-STD compliant power supply.

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MIL-STD-1399 Explained: Power Interface Standards for Naval Systems

MIL-STD-1399 Explained: Power Interface Standards for Naval Systems

When designing electronic equipment for naval ships, it’s not enough to just survive harsh sea conditions. Your system also needs to integrate seamlessly with the ship’s power infrastructure—and that’s where MIL-STD-1399 comes in.

This critical military standard ensures that all electronic equipment on board a ship can communicate, function, and interoperate reliably with shipboard power and signal interfaces.

In this post, we’ll explain what MIL-STD-1399 is, why it’s important, and what engineers need to know when designing equipment for naval vessels.

If you are looking for Mil-Std 1399 compliant AC/DC power supply,  ETA-USA’s Military Grade Power Supplies all comply with Type I single phase 60Hz  systems.

For information on the most up to date requirements of 1399, see our blog page on MIL-STD 1399 Sec 300 Part 1 

 What Is MIL-STD-1399?

MIL-STD-1399 is a United States military standard that defines interface requirements for shipboard systems, particularly focusing on electrical power interfaces between the ship’s power distribution system and installed equipment.

It provides common interface definitions to ensure compatibility between:

  • Ship power supplies (AC/DC, frequency, voltage, etc.)

  • Electronic and electromechanical equipment installed on board

The standard is used widely in U.S. Navy and allied naval programs.

 What Does MIL-STD-1399 Cover?

MIL-STD-1399 is broken into several sections, each addressing a specific type of interface or system behavior. These sections are often treated as standalone documents depending on the application.

 Key Sections Include:

Section Title What It Covers
300A Electric Power, AC 440V/60Hz and 115V/60Hz shipboard AC power
300B Electric Power, DC DC power interfaces (commonly 24V or 28V)
070 Noise Limits, Interface and Control Limits on conducted/radiated noise and transients
480 Synchro Systems Electrical interface for synchro transmitters
470 Shipboard Grounding & Bonding Safety and EMI mitigation grounding standards
302 Power Conditioning Requirements For sensitive or mission-critical electronics

The most widely used section is MIL-STD-1399 Section 300 (AC and DC power), which standardizes voltage levels, frequency tolerances, power factor expectations, harmonic content, and electrical noise limits for shipboard power systems.

 MIL-STD-1399 Section 300A (AC Power) – Key Highlights

This section defines how shipboard equipment should behave on 60 Hz AC power, including:

  • Voltage ranges:

    • 440V 3-phase

    • 115V single-phase or line-to-neutral

  • Frequency:

    • Nominal 60 Hz, with allowable variations

  • Power factor:

    • Minimum 0.8 lagging

  • Voltage imbalance:

    • Max 3% phase-to-phase variation

  • Harmonic distortion:

    • Limits on total harmonic distortion (THD)

  • Transient tolerance:

    • Ride-through or reset behavior during surges and sags

Why it matters: If your system can’t tolerate the ship’s power quality, it could shut down, overheat, or interfere with other equipment—potentially jeopardizing mission readiness.

ETA-USA’s CH-M500 ,  CH-M1000 , and CH-M2000 series meets 115Vac 60Hz power profiles and used mil-approved D38999 connectors as standard.

MIL-STD-1399 Section 300B (DC Power) – Key Highlights

Section 300B covers DC-powered systems, typically using:

  • 24 VDC

  • 28 VDC

It specifies:

  • Voltage regulation tolerances

  • Ripple voltage limits

  • Load step response

  • Noise immunity and conducted emissions

This section is especially relevant for:

  • Fire control systems

  • Lighting and emergency gear

  • Communication equipment

 Who Needs to Comply?

MIL-STD-1399 applies to:

  • OEMs building systems for naval platforms

  • System integrators developing shipboard electronics

  • Defense contractors working with the U.S. Navy or allies

Any electronic system that plugs into ship power must be tested for compatibility, stability, and survivability under MIL-STD-1399 specifications.

 How Compliance Is Verified

While MIL-STD-1399 itself doesn’t prescribe test procedures, compliance is typically verified through:

  • Interface Control Documents (ICDs)

  • Power conditioning analysis

  • Bench testing using MIL-STD power simulators

  • Lab or on-board trials under nominal and off-nominal conditions

EMC compliance testing is often done in parallel using MIL-STD-461.

 Design Considerations for MIL-STD-1399

If you’re developing shipboard equipment, here’s what you should do early:

  •  Design for wide AC voltage and frequency tolerance

  •  Include EMI filters to reduce conducted emissions

  •  Provide hold-up time for power sags

  •  Confirm grounding schemes meet ship standards

  •  Test with power simulation equipment mimicking naval power profiles

 Pro tip: MIL-STD-1399 is not just a design goal—it’s a system integration requirement. Even if your product is COTS (commercial off the shelf), it must be qualified for shipboard use.

MIL-STD-1399 ensures that shipboard systems don’t just function—they integrate. It prevents power issues, communication errors, and costly retrofits by defining clear electrical expectations upfront.

For naval electronics, it’s not enough to be rugged and high-tech. You also need to be electrically compatible with the rest of the ship. MIL-STD-1399 bridges that gap between smart technology and real-world integration. Here are some of ETA-USA’s products designed to meet MIL-STD-1399 :

CH-M500 Series

CH-M1000 Series

CH-M2000 Series

Are these what you’re looking for? ETA-USA can also design power supplies to meet your requirements. Please do not hesitate to contact us.

MIL-STD-810: The Gold Standard for Rugged Equipment Testing

MIL-STD-810: The Gold Standard for Rugged Equipment Testing 

When designing equipment destined for military or harsh environments, one question always comes up: “How do I ensure my product will survive tough conditions?”

Enter MIL-STD-810 — the U.S. military’s cornerstone standard for environmental testing of equipment. If you want your product to be rugged, reliable, and ready for real-world use — this standard is your go-to guide.

In this post, we’ll explore what MIL-STD-810 is, why it matters, and how you can leverage it to build tougher products.

What is MIL-STD-810?

MIL-STD-810 ( Military Standard 810) is a test method standard developed by the U.S. Department of Defense. It outlines how to simulate environmental stresses that equipment might face in actual use — like temperature extremes, shock, vibration, dust, humidity, and more.

Instead of just guessing how a device will perform, MIL-STD-810 gives you a scientific, repeatable way to test durability.

Why MIL-STD-810 Matters

  • Real-World Relevance: The standard focuses on conditions soldiers and equipment actually face — desert heat, arctic cold, tropical humidity, rough transportation, and battlefield shock.

  • Product Confidence: Passing MIL-STD-810 tests means your device is tough enough for harsh conditions, which reassures users and buyers.

  • Market Access: Many government and defense contracts require MIL-STD-810 compliance or testing.

  • Rugged Brand Image: It’s a great marketing point for “ruggedized” consumer and industrial products too.

Key Test Categories in MIL-STD-810

MIL-STD-810 includes over 20 test methods, but some of the most common are:

1. Temperature Testing (High and Low)

  • Tests operation and storage in extreme cold and heat

  • Includes rapid temperature changes (thermal shock)

2. Humidity

  • Exposure to prolonged high humidity to check for corrosion and electrical failures

3. Vibration

  • Simulates vibrations from vehicles, aircraft, or rough handling during transport

  • Random and sinusoidal vibration profiles

4. Shock and Drop

  • Tests impact resistance to drops, bangs, and sudden shocks

5. Dust and Sand

  • Ensures protection against dust ingress during desert deployment or dusty environments

6. Rain and Water Spray

  • Tests resistance to rain, splashes, and water jets

7. Altitude

  • Simulates high-altitude conditions, including low pressure and cold

How Does MIL-STD-810 Testing Work?

1. Tailoring

  • MIL-STD-810 is not “one size fits all.”

  • You tailor the test plan based on the equipment’s expected environment — for example, if your device is for naval use, you might focus more on salt fog and humidity tests.

2. Test Setup

  • Testing is performed using specialized chambers and equipment replicating the conditions (e.g., environmental chambers, vibration tables, shock machines).

3. Pass/Fail Criteria

  • Your device must maintain functionality and avoid physical damage during and after testing.

Common Myths About MIL-STD-810

Myth 1: It’s a checklist of tests you must pass.
Truth: MIL-STD-810 is a guide. You select and tailor the tests based on your product’s mission profile.

Myth 2: Passing MIL-STD-810 means your product is indestructible.
Truth: It means your product meets specific environmental criteria — not that it can survive every possible scenario.

Practical Tips for Using MIL-STD-810

  • Understand Your Environment: Talk to users and study the deployment scenario before picking tests.

  • Start Early: Incorporate ruggedness into design before testing. Testing late can be costly.

  • Document Everything: Test setups, procedures, and results should be well documented for certification and troubleshooting.

  • Work with Experienced Labs: Accredited test labs can guide you through test tailoring and execution.

The MIL-STD-810H standard outlines environmental test methods for military equipment—including power supplies—to ensure their reliability and durability under harsh operating conditions. While MIL-STD-810 doesn’t contain “pass/fail” criteria by itself, it provides test procedures that manufacturers must perform to simulate real-world environments.

Below is a breakdown of MIL-STD-810H methods that commonly apply to power supplies, along with what they test and typical criteria:

Relevant MIL-STD-810H Methods for Power Supplies

Method Test Name Purpose for Power Supplies
500.6 Low Pressure (Altitude) Ensures performance at high altitudes; tests for arcing and insulation breakdown.
501.7 High Temperature Tests operation and storage at elevated temperatures.
502.7 Low Temperature Verifies function in cold environments (down to -51 °C for storage).
503.7 Temperature Shock Ensures survival during sudden changes in temperature (e.g., −40 °C to +70 °C in <1 min).
505.7 Solar Radiation (Sunshine) For exposed systems—tests UV aging, heating, and material degradation.
506.7 Rain / Blowing Rain For waterproof enclosures—tests ingress protection. Often paired with IP ratings.
507.7 Humidity Tests for condensation, corrosion, and insulation failure in humid environments.
508.8 Fungus For organic insulation or coatings—ensures materials don’t degrade when exposed to biological growth.
509.7 Salt Fog Simulates marine environments—important for corrosion resistance of PCB and connectors.
510.7 Sand and Dust Ensures enclosures are sealed against particulate intrusion.
514.8 Vibration Simulates vibration from transport, launch, or shipboard operations (e.g., helicopters or submarines).
516.8 Shock Drop and mechanical shock resistance—tests unit survivability.
521.4 Icing/Freezing Rain Tests surface and mechanical function after ice accumulation.
528.1 Mechanical Vibrations of Shipboard Equipment (Type I) Simulates shipboard vibration patterns—particularly relevant to submarines and naval systems.

Criteria and How They Apply to Power Supplies

MIL-STD-810 does not prescribe fixed pass/fail limits. Instead:

  • You define the operational and non-operational limits based on:

    • Your power supply’s intended deployment (e.g., aircraft, submarine, desert).

    • Customer specs (military, defense contractors).

    • Mission profile data.

Example: For Method 501.7 (High Temp)

  • Operating temp range may be defined as: 0 °C to 70 °C

  • Storage temp range may be −40 °C to 85 °C

  • You must demonstrate the PSU functions normally during and after exposure within those parameters.

Example: A Power Supply for Naval/Submarine Use

Let’s say you’re qualifying a rugged DC-DC power supply for a submarine:

Test Application Typical Limits
509.7 (Salt Fog) Prevents corrosion of terminals & PCBs 5% salt solution for 48 hours
507.7 (Humidity) Tropical/humid deployments 95% RH, 30–60 °C for 10 days
516.8 (Shock) Resists dropping or explosion shock 40g for 11 ms
514.8 (Vibration) Shipboard vibration (per MIL-STD-167) Profile depends on mounting type

Summary: Design Considerations for Compliance

To pass MIL-STD-810H tests, your power supply must include:

  • Robust mechanical design: shock-absorbing mounts, ruggedized enclosures

  • Thermal management: heatsinks, thermal pads, proper derating

  • Conformal coating or potting: for humidity, fungus, and salt fog resistance

  • Connector and housing sealing: dustproof, waterproof designs (often IP65+)

  • Low EMI emissions and high immunity: Often paired with MIL-STD-461G

Common Environmental Parameters for MIL-STD-810 Power Supplies

Category Typical Design Parameters Relevant Test Methods
Operating Temperature –40 °C to +70 °C (sometimes –55 °C to +85 °C) 501.7 (High Temp), 502.7 (Low Temp)
Storage Temperature –55 °C to +85 °C 501.7, 502.7
Altitude / Pressure Up to 15,000–40,000 ft (depending on use) 500.6 (Low Pressure)
Humidity 95% RH, cycling 30–60 °C for 10–14 days 507.7
Salt Fog 5% NaCl solution, 48–96 hours 509.7
Fungus Resistance 28-day exposure, ASTM G21 compliant 508.8
Thermal Shock –40 °C to +70 °C, 5–10 cycles 503.7
Solar Radiation (if exposed) 24h/day cycles for 10 days, UV spectrum 505.7

Mechanical Stress Parameters

Stress Type Common Test Limits Method
Vibration (Random / Shipboard) 1.0–7.7 Grms, 5–500 Hz, 1 hr/axis (X, Y, Z) 514.8 (Category 4, 20, 24)
Mechanical Shock 20–40 g, 11–18 ms, half-sine, 3 axes 516.8
Drop Shock 1-meter drop, unpowered 516.8 (Proc IV)
Shipboard Vibration 5–33 Hz sinusoidal, 1 hr/axis 528.1
Ingress Protection IP65 to IP67 (for outdoor/submarine enclosures) Supplementary

Materials and Construction Expectations

Parameter Typical Requirement
Coating (PCB) Conformal coating (MIL-I-46058C or IPC-CC-830)
Sealing Waterproof gaskets, epoxy, or potted enclosures
Corrosion Resistance Anodized, stainless, or marine-grade coatings
Connectors MIL-grade circular or shielded connectors
Shock Mounting Rubberized isolation for PCB or chassis

Electrical Performance Under Environmental Stress

Test Typical Requirement
Voltage Regulation ±1–5% across temp and load
Output Ripple <100 mV (varies with application)
Efficiency 80% or higher (often 85–90%)
Hold-Up Time 10–20 ms minimum
EMC Compliance MIL-STD-461G (often required jointly)
Thermal Protection Internal shutdown above 85–95 °C
Overvoltage / Short Circuit Self-recovery or fail-safe modes

ETA-USA Mil-Std compliant power supplies are designed to meet the non-operational storage temperature and vibration/shock specifications for transportation. All units are conformally coated to mitigate salt fog exposure and humidity requirements during operation.  For specific environmental conditions, contact an ETA-USA representative, our technical team respond in less than 24 hours for all technical questions. 

US Government and Defense industry customers are recommended to view our capability statement

Protecting Your Electronics from the Elements: IP standards

Understanding IP Ratings: How Electronics Stay Safe from Dust and Water

When shopping for electronics like a new smartphone, smartwatch, speaker, or even industrial equipment, you might have come across labels like IP67, IP68, or IPX4. These aren’t just random codes — they’re IP ratings, part of a standardized system that tells you how well a device is protected from dust and water.

In this blog, we’ll break down what IP ratings mean, how they work, and why they’re important when choosing electronic devices.

What Are IP Ratings?

IP stands for Ingress Protection. The IP rating system is defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) under standard IEC 60529. It’s used to classify and rate the degree of protection provided by electrical enclosures against intrusion from:

  • Solid particles (like dust)

  • Liquids (like water)

An IP rating typically looks like this: IPXY

  • X: Protection against solid objects and dust (scale: 0–6)

  • Y: Protection against liquids (scale: 0–9K)

For example:
IP67 = Dust-tight (6) and water-resistant to immersion up to 1 meter (7).

IP Rating Breakdown

🔹 First Digit: Solid Particle Protection

Digit Protection Level
0 No protection
1 Protected against large objects (>50mm)
2 Fingers or similar objects (>12.5mm)
3 Tools, thick wires (>2.5mm)
4 Wires or small tools (>1mm)
5 Limited dust protection
6 Completely dust-tight

🔹 Second Digit: Liquid Ingress Protection

Digit Protection Level
0 No protection
1 Dripping water (vertically falling)
2 Dripping water at 15° angle
3 Spraying water at up to 60°
4 Splashing water from any direction
5 Water jets (low pressure)
6 Powerful water jets
7 Immersion up to 1m for 30 minutes
8 Continuous immersion beyond 1m
9K High-pressure, high-temperature water jets

Note: The higher the number, the greater the protection.

Common Examples

  • IP67 Smartphone: Protected from all dust and can be submerged in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes.

  • IPX4 Bluetooth Speaker: Splash-resistant, but no solid particle protection rating.

  • IP68 Smartwatch: Fully dust-tight and resistant to prolonged submersion — ideal for swimming or showering.

  • IP69K Industrial Sensor: Maximum protection against dust and high-pressure steam cleaning — used in automotive or factory settings.

What If There’s an “X” in the Rating?

Sometimes you’ll see ratings like IPX7 or IP6X. The “X” means the product hasn’t been tested or rated for that type of ingress.

For example:

  • IPX7: Water-resistant but no data on dust protection

  • IP6X: Dustproof, but not rated for water resistance

Why IP Ratings Matter

  • Consumer Electronics: Helps you choose devices that can withstand your lifestyle — whether it’s rain, beach trips, or accidental drops in water.

  • Industrial Equipment: Ensures machines and sensors operate safely in dusty or wet environments.

  • Healthcare & Military: Critical for maintaining reliability in harsh conditions.

ETA-USA’s IP Compliant Products

IP ratings are more than just technical jargon — they’re a practical way to understand how durable and reliable a device really is. Whether you need a product sitting out in the elements or in a controlled room, ETA-USA offers power supplies to meet your needs. Here are a few of our products:

HZD500:  A 500W AC/DC Converter designed to meet IP65 & IP66 protection and has been qualified to be used IEC60079-0, IEC60079-7 for explosive atmospheres with recommended connector cover. Conductive cooling

CHHS1400: A dual output 1400W (700W per output) AC/DC converter designed to be user serviceable.  Designed to be  IP67 Previously used in sat-com ground systems.

SL1100: An 1,100 watt AC/DC converter designed to be IP64 (can meet IP66 with specific connector options) in a low profile design. I2C reporting capable with the optional for Mil-std 461 CE102 and RE102 Compliance.

Mil-Standard Compliant Products

ETA-USA’s conduction cooled Mil-Std compliant power supplies have the option to be installed in IP rated housings . This includes

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